The immune system is the body’s intricate defense network, designed to protect against a wide array of invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It operates through two main branches: the innate immune system, which provides immediate, non-specific responses like skin barriers, phagocytic cells, and inflammation; and the adaptive immune system, which offers targeted defense via lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, producing antibodies and developing memory for faster future responses.
Key components include white blood cells (like neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), the lymphatic system, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. When a pathogen is detected, the system triggers a cascade of events: antigens are recognized, signaling pathways activate immune cells, and responses like fever or antibody production eliminate the threat. This dynamic process maintains homeostasis, with regulatory mechanisms preventing overreactions, such as autoimmune disorders. Overall, the immune system evolves through life, influenced by genetics, environment, and vaccinations, ensuring long-term resilience against diseases.
Table of contents
- Part 1: OnlineExamMaker AI quiz generator – Save time and efforts
- Part 2: 20 immune system quiz questions & answers
- Part 3: AI Question Generator – Automatically create questions for your next assessment
Part 1: OnlineExamMaker AI quiz generator – Save time and efforts
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Part 2: 20 immune system quiz questions & answers
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1. Question: What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
A) Innate immunity is faster and non-specific, while adaptive immunity is slower and specific.
B) Innate immunity involves only T cells, while adaptive immunity involves B cells.
C) Innate immunity provides lifelong memory, while adaptive immunity does not.
D) Innate immunity is only found in plants, while adaptive immunity is in animals.
Answer: A
Explanation: Innate immunity responds quickly to a wide range of pathogens without prior exposure, whereas adaptive immunity takes time to activate but targets specific pathogens and provides memory for future encounters.
2. Question: Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
A) T cells
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) Neutrophils
Answer: C
Explanation: B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, which are crucial for neutralizing pathogens in the humoral immune response.
3. Question: What is the role of T helper cells in the immune system?
A) Directly kill infected cells
B) Coordinate immune responses by activating other cells
C) Phagocytose bacteria
D) Produce antibodies
Answer: B
Explanation: T helper cells release cytokines to stimulate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and other immune components, orchestrating the adaptive immune response.
4. Question: Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier in innate immunity?
A) Antibodies
B) Skin
C) T cells
D) Vaccines
Answer: B
Explanation: The skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body, serving as the first line of defense in innate immunity.
5. Question: What triggers the inflammatory response?
A) Only viral infections
B) Damage to tissues or presence of pathogens
C) High levels of antibodies
D) Vaccination
Answer: B
Explanation: Inflammation is initiated by tissue damage or pathogen invasion, leading to increased blood flow, immune cell recruitment, and release of signaling molecules.
6. Question: How do vaccines work to provide immunity?
A) By directly killing pathogens
B) By stimulating the adaptive immune system to produce memory cells
C) By enhancing innate barriers like skin
D) By suppressing T cells
Answer: B
Explanation: Vaccines introduce antigens to trigger an adaptive immune response, leading to the creation of memory B and T cells for long-term protection against specific pathogens.
7. Question: What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
A) Produce antibodies
B) Kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells
C) Phagocytose debris
D) Help in antibody production
Answer: B
Explanation: NK cells detect and destroy abnormal cells, such as those infected by viruses or cancerous cells, without prior sensitization.
8. Question: Which immunoglobulin is the first to respond in a primary immune reaction?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) IgA
D) IgE
Answer: B
Explanation: IgM is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response, forming pentamers that effectively activate the complement system.
9. Question: What is the complement system?
A) A group of proteins that enhance antibody production
B) A set of proteins that aid in opsonization, inflammation, and pathogen lysis
C) Only T cells and B cells
D) A type of vaccine
Answer: B
Explanation: The complement system consists of proteins that amplify immune responses by marking pathogens for destruction, promoting inflammation, and directly lysing cells.
10. Question: How do memory cells contribute to immunity?
A) By producing antibodies immediately upon infection
B) By providing a faster and stronger response to subsequent exposures
C) By acting as physical barriers
D) By suppressing immune reactions
Answer: B
Explanation: Memory cells from B and T lymphocytes allow the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens it has encountered before.
11. Question: What causes an autoimmune disease?
A) Overactive innate immunity
B) The immune system attacking the body’s own tissues
C) Lack of antibodies
D) Only external pathogens
Answer: B
Explanation: In autoimmune diseases, the immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self, leading to attacks on healthy cells and tissues.
12. Question: Which cytokine is primarily involved in promoting inflammation?
A) Interleukin-2
B) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
C) Interferon-gamma
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: Cytokines like IL-2, TNF, and interferon-gamma all play roles in inflammation by activating immune cells and increasing vascular permeability.
13. Question: What is phagocytosis?
A) The production of antibodies
B) The process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogens
C) The activation of T cells
D) A type of vaccine response
Answer: B
Explanation: Phagocytosis is a mechanism used by cells like macrophages and neutrophils to ingest and break down pathogens and debris.
14. Question: How does HIV affect the immune system?
A) By enhancing T cell production
B) By targeting and destroying CD4+ T helper cells
C) By increasing antibody levels
D) By strengthening innate barriers
Answer: B
Explanation: HIV infects and depletes CD4+ T helper cells, weakening the adaptive immune response and leading to immunodeficiency.
15. Question: What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
A) Humoral immunity involves antibodies, while cell-mediated involves T cells directly.
B) Humoral immunity is innate, and cell-mediated is adaptive.
C) Humoral immunity targets viruses only.
D) There is no difference.
Answer: A
Explanation: Humoral immunity relies on antibodies produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens, whereas cell-mediated immunity uses T cells to directly attack infected cells.
16. Question: Which organ is the primary site for T cell maturation?
A) Bone marrow
B) Thymus
C) Spleen
D) Lymph nodes
Answer: B
Explanation: The thymus is where T cells mature and undergo selection to ensure they can distinguish self from non-self antigens.
17. Question: What role does fever play in the immune response?
A) It slows down pathogen growth
B) It inhibits immune cell function
C) It helps by increasing body temperature to enhance immune activity and inhibit pathogens
D) It has no role
Answer: C
Explanation: Fever raises body temperature, which can slow pathogen replication and boost the efficiency of immune cells like phagocytes.
18. Question: What is an allergen in the context of the immune system?
A) A harmless substance that triggers an immune response
B) A type of antibody
C) Only pathogenic bacteria
D) A vaccine component
Answer: A
Explanation: Allergens are typically harmless substances that the immune system mistakenly identifies as threats, leading to allergic reactions via IgE antibodies.
19. Question: How do antigens function in immunity?
A) They suppress immune responses
B) They are molecules that trigger specific immune reactions
C) They are only found in vaccines
D) They destroy pathogens directly
Answer: B
Explanation: Antigens are molecules on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system, leading to the activation of adaptive immunity.
20. Question: What is primary immunodeficiency?
A) An acquired condition from infections
B) A genetic defect present from birth that impairs immune function
C) An overactive immune response
D) Caused only by environmental factors
Answer: B
Explanation: Primary immunodeficiency disorders are inherited conditions that result in defective immune system components, making individuals more susceptible to infections.
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